{"id":1553,"date":"2025-02-19T23:15:39","date_gmt":"2025-02-19T14:15:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/?p=1553"},"modified":"2025-02-20T16:29:14","modified_gmt":"2025-02-20T07:29:14","slug":"%eb%b0%91%eb%b0%94%eb%8b%a5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/1553\/","title":{"rendered":"[\ubc88\uc5ed] \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5 \u2015 \ubbf8\uad6d \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \ud751\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0dd\uacfc \ub9d0\uc0b4 (\uc6b0\uc9c0\uc9c0 \ub370\uc774\ube44\uc2a4, 2018)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"headnote\">\uc6d0\ubb38: Ujijji Davis, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.averyreview.com\/issues\/34\/the-bottom\">The Bottom: The Emergence and Erasure of Black American Urban Landscapes<\/a>,\u201d <em>Avery Review<\/em> 34 (October 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uac00\uc9c0\uba70 \ube14\ub799\ubca0\ub9ac\uba70\ub97c \uae30\ub974\ub358 \ud143\ubc2d\uc744 \uc81c \ubfcc\ub9ac\uc5d0\uc11c \uc798\ub77c\ub0b4 \uba54\ub2ec\ub9ac\uc628 \uc2dc\ud2f0 \uace8\ud504\uc7a5 \ubd80\uc9c0\ub85c \ub0b4\uc5b4\uc900 \uadf8\uacf3\uc5d0, \ud55c\ub54c\ub294 \ub3d9\ub124\uac00 \ud558\ub098 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uba54\ub2ec\ub9ac\uc628\uc758 \uac15\ubcc0 \ub454\ub355 \uc704\ucabd\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \uac15\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uacf3\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc9c0\uae08\uc740 \uad50\uc678 \uc8fc\ud0dd\uac00\ub77c \ubd88\ub9ac\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud751\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uc0b4\uc558\ub358 \ub54c\uc5d0\ub294 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc774\ub77c \ubd88\ub838\ub2e4.<br>\u2015 \ud1a0\ub2c8 \ubaa8\ub9ac\uc2a8, \u300e\uc220\ub77cSula\u300f, 1973.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Toni Morrison,&nbsp;<em>Sula<\/em> (New York: New American Library, 1973), 1.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5the Bottom\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uba85\uce6d\uc740 \ub3c4\uc2dc\uc9c0\uc5ed \ub0b4\uc5d0 \ud639\uc740 \uc678\uacfd\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \u2015 \ud655\uc5f0\ud788 \ubd84\ub9ac\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294 \u2015 \ud751\uc778 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\ub4e4\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a4\ub294 \uad6c\uc5b4 \ud45c\ud604\uc744 \ub530 \uc628 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uac80\uc740 \uc9c4\ud759\uc774\ub098 \uac00\uce58\uac00 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \ub545\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a4\ub294 \ub9d0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ub798\ub41c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c, 20\uc138\uae30 \ub4e4\uc5b4 \ud751\uc778\uc774 \uc0ac\ub294 \uacf3\uacfc \ubbf8\uad6d \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\uc11c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \ubb18\uc0ac\ud558\ub294 \ub9d0\ub85c \uc4f0\uc774\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Tony Gonzalez. \u201cCurious Nashville: How The \u2018Black Bottom\u2019 Neighborhood Got Its Name\u2014And Lost It,\u201d <em>Nashville Public Radio<\/em>, June 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nashvillepublicradio.org\/post\/curious-nashville-how-black-bottom-neighborhood-got-its-name-and-lost-it#stream\/0\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uc774\ub7f0 \ud2b9\uc131, \ud568\uc758\uc640 \ud568\uaed8, \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc720\ud615\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \ub3c4\uc2dc\uacc4\ud68d \ubc29\uce68\uacfc \uc774\ub7f0 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\ub4e4\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\uc640 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc744 \ud558\ucc2e\uac8c \uc5ec\uae30\ub294 \u2015 \ud30c\uad34\ud558\ub294 \u2015 \ubd88\uacf5\ud3c9\ud55c \uad8c\ub825 \uad6c\uc870 \uc55e\uc5d0\uc11c \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc9c0\ub294 \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc744 \uac16\ub294\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud575\uc2ec\uc744 \uc9da\uc790\uba74, \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc0ac\ub294 \uacf3neightborhood\uc774\ub2e4. \uc9d1, \uac00\uac8c, \uac00\uc871, \ud559\uad50, \uad50\ud68c \ub4f1 \uc0ac\ub78c \uc0ac\ub294 \uacf3\uc5d0 \uc788\uc744 \ub9cc\ud55c \uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubbf8\uad6d \uc5ed\uc0ac \ub0b4\ub0b4 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uac01\ubcc4\ud55c \uac10\uc2dc\ub97c \ubc1b\uc544 \uc654\ub2e4. \ud751\uc778 \uc778\uad6c\uac00 \uc9d1\uc911\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc73c\uba70 \uc774\ub294 \ub108\ubb34\ub3c4 \uc790\uc8fc \uc8fc\uac70, \uace0\uc6a9, \ub192\uc740 \uc0b6\uc758 \uc9c8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\ud68c\uac00 \ubd80\uc871\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \ub370\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \ud55c \uacf3\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc774\ub7f0 \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \uacf5\uc720\ud558\ub294 \ud569\uc911\uad6d \ub3c4\ucc98 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uacf3\uc5d0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc9c0\uc5ed\ubcc4\ub85c \ub2e4\ub974\uae30\uc5d0 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uae30\uc6d0\uc744 \ud2b9\uc815\ud560 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\uc73c\ub098 \uc778\uc885\ud654\ub41c \ud3ed\ub825 \ud589\uc704\uac00 \ub298\uba74\uc11c \uac08\uc218\ub85d \ud754\ud574\uc84c\ub2e4. \ub9ce\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740, \ud2b9\ud788 \ub3d9\ubd81\ubd80\uc640 \uc911\uc11c\ubd80\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, \ub300\uc774\uc8fcGreat Migration \uc2dc\uae30, 1916\ub144\ubd80\ud130 1970\ub144 \uc0ac\uc774 \ub0a8\ubd80 \uc2dc\uace8\uc5d0\uc11c 600\ub9cc \uba85\uc758 \ud751\uc778\uc774 \ube60\uc838 \ub098\uc628 \uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \ud615\uc131\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ron Grossman, \u201cCommentary:\u00a0The Great Migration: For Southern blacks, Chicago Offered Jobs\u2014But Not the Warmest Welcome from Whites,\u201d <em>Chicago Tribune<\/em>, April 12, 2018, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/news\/opinion\/commentary\/ct-perspec-flash-great-migration-south-african-americans-0415-20180410-story.html\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ub3d9\ubd81\ubd80\uc640 \uc911\uc11c\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c \uc0dd\uaca8\ub09c \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc758 \uae30\ud68c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774 \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc774\ub3d9\uc744 \ubd80\ucc44\uc9c8\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub0a8\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc778\uc885 \uae30\ubc18 \ubd84\ub9ac\uc8fc\uc758 \ubc95\ub839\uc758 \uac15\uc81c\uc640 \ubc31\uc778 \uc6b0\uc6d4\uc8fc\uc758\uc790 \uc9d1\ub2e8 \ubc0f \ub9b0\uce58\uc758 \ubd80\uc0c1\uc774 \uc774\uc8fc\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694\ud55c \ubc29\uc544\uc1e0\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub9b0\uce58 \u2015 \uacc4\ud68d\uc801\uc778 \uc790\uacbd\ub2e8\uc2dd \uc0ac\ud615 \u2015 \ub294 \ubc95\ub960\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \ubc31\uc778\uc758 \uad8c\ub825\uacfc \ud751\uc778\uc758 \ubb34\ub825\ud568\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc774\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">J. R. Moehringer, \u201cAn Obsessive Quest to Make People See,\u201d <em>Los Angeles Times<\/em>, August 27, 2000, <a href=\"http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/2000\/aug\/27\/news\/mn-11152\/2\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ub9b0\uce58 \uac00\ud574\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ud53c\ud574\uc790\ub97c \ubaa9\ub9e4\ub2ec\uac70\ub098 \ucd1d\uc73c\ub85c \uc3d8\uac70\ub098 \uc0b0 \ucc44\ub85c \ubd88\uc5d0 \ud0dc\uc6b0\uac70\ub098 \uace0\ubb38\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc2e0\uccb4 \uc77c\ubd80\ub97c \uc798\ub77c \uae30\ub150\ud488\uc73c\ub85c \ucc59\uae30\uace4 \ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Moehringer, \u201cAn Obsessive Quest to Make People See.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ub9b0\uce58\ub294 \uac00\uc871 \ud589\uc0ac\ub85c \uc900\ube44\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub97c \ucd2c\uc601\ud55c \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc774 \uc5fd\uc11c\ub85c \uc81c\uc791\ub418\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\ub3c4 \ub9ce\uc558\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Moehringer, \u201cAn Obsessive Quest to Make People See.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ud130\uc2a4\ud0a4\uae30 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc18cTuskegee Institute\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 1882\ub144\uc5d0\uc11c 1968\ub144 \uc0ac\uc774 \ud751\uc778 3,446\uba85, \ubc31\uc778 1,297\uba85 \ub4f1 4,743\uba85\uc774 \ub9b0\uce58\ub97c \ub2f9\ud588\ub2e4. \ub0a8\ubd81\uc804\uc7c1 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc2dc\uae30 \uc804\uccb4 \ub9b0\uce58\uc758 73% \uc774\uc0c1\uc774 \uc870\uc9c0\uc544, \ud14d\uc0ac\uc2a4 \ub4f1\uc758 \ub0a8\ubd80 \uc8fc\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jared McWilliams, \u201cLynching, Whites, and Negroes,\u201d Tuskegee Institute, April 24, 2018, <a href=\"http:\/\/archive.tuskegee.edu\/archive\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/511\/Lyching%201882%201968.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ud751\uc778\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc794\ud639\ud55c \ud14c\ub7ec\uc640 \ubc95\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uad8c\ub9ac \ubc15\ud0c8\uc774 \ub3d9\ubd81\ubd80, \uc911\uc11c\ubd80\ub85c\uc758 \ub300 \uc774\uc8fc\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce5c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc9c0\ub9ac\uc801 \uc704\uce58\ub97c \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a4\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc778\uc885\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud55c \ubd84\ub9ac\ub85c \uc8fc\uac70 \uc120\ud0dd\uc9c0\uc640 \ub3d9\ub124neighborhood \uad6c\uc131\uc774 \uac08\ub9ac\uba74\uc11c \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc120\uba85\ud788 \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc9c0\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub3d9\ubd81\ubd80, \uc911\uc11c\ubd80\uc758 \uc8fc\ub4e4\uc774 \ub0a8\ubd80 \ub18d\uc5c5 \uacbd\uc81c \uc774\uc678\uc758 \uc77c\uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uae30\ub294 \ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud751\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \ucc28\ubcc4, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc8fc\uac70 \ucc28\ubcc4\uc744 \uacaa\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud2b9\uc815 \uacbd\uacc4\uc9c0\uc5ed \uc9c0\uc815redlining\uc740 \uc740\ud589\uc5d0\uc11c \uc8fc\ud0dd \ub2f4\ubcf4 \ub300\ucd9c\uc774\ub4e0 \uc0ac\uc5c5 \uc790\uae08 \ub300\ucd9c\uc774\ub4e0 \ud751\uc778\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae08\uc735 \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4\ub97c \uac70\ubd80\ud558\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc744 \uc9c0\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \ubc30\uc81c \uad00\ud589\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Tracy Jan, \u201cRedlining Was Banned 50 Years Ago. It\u2019s Still Hurting Minorities Today,\u201d <em>Washington Post<\/em>, March 28, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2018\/03\/28\/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today\/?noredirect=on&amp;utm_term=.672ba69d9248\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uc774 \uac19\uc740 \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc815\ucc45\ub4e4\uc740 \ud2b9\ud788, \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uc778\uc885\uc801 \ud1b5\ud569\uc744 \uc77c\uccb4 \ucc28\ub2e8\ud558\uace0 \ud751\uc778 \uace0\uac1d\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4\ub97c \uac70\ubd80\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc4f0\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uacf5\uc801 \ud22c\uc790 \ucd95\uc18c\uc640 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uacbd\uc81c \uce68\uccb4\ub97c \uc601\uc18d\ud654\ud588\uace0, \uc8fc\uac70 \ubc0f \uc5ec\ud0c0 \uacf5\uacf5 \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4, \uc7ac\ud654\uc758 \uc9c8\uc744 \ub0ae\ucd94\ub294 \ud55c \uac00\uc9c0 \uc9c1\uc811\uc801\uc778 \uc6d0\uc778\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7f0 \uc804\ub7b5\uc740 \ud751\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uac07\ud600 \uc788\ub2e4\uc2dc\ud53c \ud588\ub358 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uac00\uce58\ub97c \ub5a8\uc5b4\ub728\ub838\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jan, \u201cRedlining Was Banned 50 Years Ago. It\u2019s Still Hurting Minorities Today.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud751\uc778 \ubc18\ub300 \ucea0\ud398\uc778\uc740 \uc774\ub7f0 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \ud798\uc744 \uc2e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubcf4\ud1b5, \uc120\uc804\ubb3c, \ubd80\ub3d9\uc0b0 \uc804\ubb38\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \ubc31\uc778 \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ud751\uc778 \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\uc0ac \uc624\uba74 \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uac00\uce58\uac00 \uae09\ub77d\ud558\uace0 \ubc94\uc8c4\uac00 \ub298 \uac70\ub77c\uace0 \ud655\uc5b8\ud588\ub2e4. \ub2e4\ub978 \ubbfc\uc871ethnic group\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uc9d1\uc744 \ud314\uc9c0 \uc54a\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \uacc4\uc57d\uc774\ub098 \ubc95\uc801 \ud569\uc758, \uc678\uc778\ud610\uc624xenophobia\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc9d1\uc744 \uc0ac\uace0 \ud30c\ub294 \uae30\ub9cc\uc801\uc778 \uc804\uc220\uc778 \ube14\ub85d\ubc84\uc2a4\ud305\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud574\uc11c \ud574\uc11c \uc8fc\uac70 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc778\uc885 \ubd84\ub9ac\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jan, \u201cRedlining Was Banned 50 Years Ago. It\u2019s Still Hurting Minorities Today.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ud751\uc778\uc774 \uc120\ud0dd\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc8fc\uac70\ub294 \uc81c\ud55c\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774\ub294 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ubc14\ub78c\uc9c1\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc5d0 \uaca9\ub9ac\ud588\ub2e4. \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub098\uc740 \uc8fc\uac70\ub97c \uc7c1\ucde8\ud558\ub824 \ud558\uba74\uc11c \ud751\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc885\uc885 \uc2dc\uc704, \uc131\ub09c \uad70\uc911, \uacbd\ucc30\uc774\ub098 \ubc18\ud751\uc778 \uc790\uacbd\ub2e8\uacfc\uc758 \ucc3e\uc740 \ucda9\ub3cc\uc744 \ub9c8\uc8fc\ud588\ub2e4. 1920\ub144\ub300 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \ub3d9\ubd81\ubd80, \uc911\uc11c\ubd80 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \ucfe0\ud074\ub7ed\uc2a4\ud074\ub79c\uc774 \ubd80\ud765\ud574 \uc778\uc885\uc801 \ud1b5\ud569\uacfc \ub2e4\uc591\uc131\uc5d0 \uaca9\ub82c\ud788 \uc800\ud56d\ud588\ub294\ub370, \uc778\uad6c \ub300\ube44 \ud68c\uc6d0 \uc218\uac00 \uac00\uc7a5 \ub9ce\uc740 \uacf3\uc740 \uc778\ub514\uc560\ub098\uc600\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Linda Gordon, <em>The Second Coming of the KKK: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition<\/em> (New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2017), 11\u201324.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> 1930\ub144 \ub2f9\uc2dc \ubbf8\uc2dc\uac74\uc8fc\uc758 \ud074\ub79c \ud68c\uc6d0 8\ub9cc \uba85 \uc911 \uc808\ubc18 \uac00\uae4c\uc774\uac00 \ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8\uc5d0 \uc0b4\uba74\uc11c \ubc18\ud751\uc778 \uc120\uc804\uacfc \ud3ed\ub825\uc744 \uc120\ub3d9\ud558\uace0 \uacc4\uc18d\ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gordon, <em>The Second Coming of the KKK<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uadf8\ub798\uc11c \ud751\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc5d0, \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \ud751\uc778 \uad6c\uc5edblack American urban landscape\uc5d0 \uc0b4\uc558\ub2e4. \ub9ce\uc740 \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \ubc88\ud654\ud558\uace0 \ub3d9\uacbd\ud560 \ub9cc\ud55c \uae68\ub057\ud55c \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4 \uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc5b5\uc555\uc801\uc778 \ubc18\ud751\uc778 \uccb4\uc81c \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb34\uc5b8\uac00\ub97c \uc131\ucde8\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ud53c\ub09c\ucc98\uc774\uc790 \ubc1c\ud310\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\ub2a5\ud588\ub2e4. \uc9c8 \ub0ae\uc740 \uc8fc\uac70\uc640 \uae30\ubc18\uc2dc\uc124\uc758 \uc81c\uc57d \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc2e0\uc9c4 \uae30\uc5c5\uacfc \uc804\ubb38\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\uace0 \ub3d9\uc0b0\ub178\uc608\uc81c, \ud751\uc778\ub2e8\uc18d\ubc95Black Codes, \uc9d0 \ud06c\ub85c\uc6b0 \ubd84\ub9ac \uc815\ucc45\uc758 \uc6b0\uc545\uc2a4\ub7f0 \uc190\uae38 \uc544\ub798\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud751\uc778\uc774 \uac00\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub358 \ubd80\uc640 \uc7ac\uc815\uc801 \uc548\uc815\uc131\uc744 \uc11c\uc11c\ud788 \uc77c\uad6c\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubbf8\uad6d \ud751\uc778 \uc0ac\uc0c1 <strong>\ucd5c\ucd08\uc758<\/strong> \uc758\uc0ac, \ubc95\uc870\uc778, \uad50\uc0ac, \uad50\uc218, \uce58\uacfc\uc758\uc0ac, \uc18c\uacf5\uc7a5\uc8fc, \uc815\uce58\uc778, \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc0ac\ud68c \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790 \ub4f1\uc774 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\uc654\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bill McGraw, \u201cBringing Detroit\u2019s Black Bottom back to (Virtual) Life,\u201d <em>Detroit Free Press<\/em>, February 27, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.freep.com\/story\/news\/local\/michigan\/detroit\/2017\/02\/27\/detroit-black-bottom-neighborhood\/98354122\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uc804\uad6d\uad6c \ud751\uc778 \uc6d4 \uc2a4\ud2b8\ub9ac\ud2b8Black Wall Street\uac00 \uc0dd\uaca8\ub098 \ud2b9\uc815 \uacbd\uacc4 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc9c0\uc815\uc73c\ub85c \uc81c\uc678\ub41c \uc9c0\uc5ed\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud3ec\ud568\ud574 \ucd5c\uace0\uae09 \uae08\uc735 \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">McGraw, \u201cBringing Detroit\u2019s Black Bottom back to (Virtual) Life.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ub274\uc62c\ub9ac\uc5b8\uc2a4, \ud560\ub818, \uc2dc\uce74\uace0 \uac19\uc740 \uacf3\uc758 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uc7ac\uc2a4, \uc18c\uc6b8, \ube14\ub8e8\uc2a4 \ub4f1 \ud6c4\uc77c \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uc744 \ube5a\uc5b4\ub0b4\uac8c \ub41c \ubb38\uc608, \uc74c\uc545 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc744 \uc77c\uc73c\ud0a8 \ubb38\ud654\uc758 \uc694\ub78c\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 <strong>\uc57d\uc18d\uc758 \ub545<\/strong> \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uc870\uc9c1 \ubc94\uc8c4, \uc778\uc2e0\ub9e4\ub9e4, \ubd80\ud328 \ub4f1 \ubd88\ubc95 \ud65c\ub3d9\uc774 \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \uacf3\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Genevi\u00e8ve Fabre and Michel Feith, <em>Temples for Tomorrow: Looking Back at the Harlem Renaissance<\/em> (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc740 \ud3ed\ub825\uc774 \uc787\ub2ec\uc544 \uac70\uce5c \uac70\ub9ac \uc0dd\ud65c\uacfc \uac31\ub2e8 \ubb38\ud654\ub85c \uc545\uba85\uc744 \uc5bb\uae30\ub3c4 \ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fabre and Feith, <em>Temples for Tomorrow<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740, \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5 \ubc14\uae65\uacfc \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c, \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc0dd\ud65c\uc758 \uae0d\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uba74\uacfc \ubd80\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uba74\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \ub354 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uacf5\uac04\uc744 \uc810\uc720\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ubbf8\uad6d \ucd5c\ub300\uc758 \uc8fc\ubcc0\ud654\ub41c \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c0\uace0 \uc5b5\uc555\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ubd84\ub9ac\uc8fc\uc758\uc801\uc778 \uc815\ucc45, \uad00\ud589\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\ub294 [\ud751\uc778\uc758] \uc0b6\uc774 \ub2f4\uaca8 \uc788\ub294 \uacbd\uad00vernacular landscape\uc744 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc14\uae65\uc5d0 \uc0ac\ub294 \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uac08\uc218\ub85d \uacbd\uba78\uc801\uc778 \ub9d0\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4 \uac14\uace0 \uad6c\ud68d \uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc0c1 \ud2b9\uc815 \uacbd\uacc4 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c0\uc815\ub41c \uacf3\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uac70\uae30 \uc0ac\ub294 \ud751\uc778\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uae0d\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uc744 \uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubb34\uc5b8\uac00\uc758 \uc8fc\uc778\uc774 \ub420 \uae30\ud68c, \ubbf8\uad6d \ud751\uc778\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\ub294 \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \uc790\uae30 \ubab8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub3c4\ucc28 \uac00\uc838 \ubcf8 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uac00 \uac70\uc758 \uc5c6\ub294 \ud2b9\uad8c\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uc7a5\uc18c\uc640 \uc9c1\uacb0\ub418\ub294 \uc0ac\uc5c5, \uac00\uc815 \uc0dd\ud65c\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud588\ub2e4. \uc9c0\ubc29\uc815\ubd80\uac00 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc744 \ud640\ub300\ud558\uace0 \ud22c\uc790\ub3c4 \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uae30\uc5d0 \ud751\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c \uc785\uc548\ud558\uace0 \uad00\ub9ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774\ub294 \uc9c4\uc815\uc73c\ub85c \uadf8\uacf3\uc744 \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \ud751\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed, \ud751\uc778 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc778\uc758 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc774 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub098\ub294 \uacf3\uc73c\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc774\ub780 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc5d0\uc11c \ube44\ub86f\ub41c \uacf3\uc774\uc5c8\uace0 \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uc774\uc6a9\uc774 \uacc4\uc18d \uac00\ub2a5\ud560\uc9c0\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ud0dc\ub85c\uc6e0\ub2e4. \ubc16\uc5d0\uc11c \uad00\ub9dd\ud558\ub294 \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc0ac\ud68c\ub97c \uad34\ub86d\ud788\ub294 \uc628\uac16 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ud574\uc545\uc758 \uc9d5\ud6c4\uc600\ub2e4. \uc18c\uc218\ubbfc\uc871 \uac70\uc8fc\uc9c0enclave\ub77c\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uac8c\ud1a0\ub85c \uc5ec\uaca8\uc84c\uc73c\uba70 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ubbf8\uad6d \uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ucd5c\ud558\uce35the bottom\uc744 \ub73b\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc7ac\uc815\uc758\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub974\uac8c\ub294 1930\ub144\ub300\ubd80\ud130, \uc774\ub7f0 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\ub4e4\uc5d0 &#8220;\ube48\ubbfc\uac00slum&#8221;\uc640 &#8220;\ubcd1\ud3d0\uc9c0blighted&#8221;\ub77c\ub294, \uc0ac\ud68c \uc870\uc9c1 \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0 \ud37c\uc9c8 \uc5ed\ubcd1\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub531\uc9c0\uac00 \ubd99\uc5c8\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Quinton Johnstone, \u201cThe Federal Renewal Program,\u201d Faculty Scholarship Series, Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository, 1958, <a href=\"http:\/\/digitalcommons.law.yale.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2924&amp;context=fss_papers\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ub098\uc05c \uc5ec\ub860\uacfc \uc555\ub825\uc5d0 \ub9de\uc368 \uc2f8\uc6b0\ub294 \uc640\uc911\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ub300\uacf5\ud669\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ubcd1\ud3d0\ub97c \uc774\uaca8\ub0b4\ub294 \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ub85c\ubc84\ud2b8 \ubaa8\uc9c0\uc2a4Rober Moses \uac19\uc740 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 &#8220;\ube48\ubbfc\uac00&#8221;\ub294 &#8220;\uac74\uac15\ud558\uace0 \ubd80\ub2e8\ud55c \uc9c4\ubcf4\uc5d0\uc758 \uac78\ub9bc\ub3cc&#8221;\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc744 \uaebe\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Robert Moses, \u201cRobert Moses on Slum Clearance\u201d (speech, April 17, 1958), New York Public Radio Archive Collections, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wnyc.org\/story\/robert-moses-on-slum-clearance\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uadf8 \ud68c\ubcf5\ub825\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc774\ub780 \ud604\ub300 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ud1f4\ubcf4\ub97c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uadf8\ub7ac\uae30\uc5d0 \ud53c\ud560 \uae38\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub358 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5 \uac1c\ud601\uc740, \ub300\uac1c \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc7ac\uc0ddUrban Renewal\uacfc 1956\ub144 \uc5f0\ubc29\uace0\uc18d\ub3c4\ub85c\ubc95Federal Highway Act\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac00\uba74\uc744 \uc4f0\uace0 \ucc3e\uc544 \uc654\ub2e4. \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc7ac\uc0dd\uc740 \uc2dc \ub2f9\uad6d\uc758 \uc218\uc6a9\uad8c\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ubd80\ub3d9\uc0b0\uc744 \ub9e4\uc785\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ubab0\uc218\ud574 \ucca0\uac70\ud558\uace0\ub294 \uac1c\ubc1c\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc7ac\ubd84\ubc30\ud574 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc6a9\ub3c4\ub85c \uc4f0\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc774\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">US Department of Housing and Urban Development, \u201cSection 312, Processing,\u201d January 30, 1973, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hud.gov\/sites\/documents\/42251HSGH.PDF\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> 20\uc138\uae30 \uc911\ubc18\uc5d0 \ud569\uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc2dc\ub294 \ub118\uccd0 \ub098\ub294 \uc778\uad6c\ub97c \ubd80\uc591\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc9c8 \uc88b\uc740 \uc8fc\uac70 \uacf5\uae09\uc774 \ubd80\uc871\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\uc8fc\uac00 \ubc00\ub824 \ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub354\ub354\uc6b1 \uadf8\ub7ac\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uacf5\uae09 \ubd80\uc871\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc2dc \uac1c\ubc1c \ub2f9\uad6d\ub4e4, \uc9c0\uc5ed \uacc4\ud68d \ubd80\uc11c\ub4e4\uc740 \ucca0\uac70 \ud6c4 \uc7ac\uac74\ucd95\uc744 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uac00\uce58\uac00 \ub0ae\uc740 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc744 \ucc3e\uc558\ub2e4. \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0, 1956\ub144 \uc5f0\ubc29\uace0\uc18d\ub3c4\ub85c\ubc95\uc740 \uad50\ud1b5 \uc218\uc1a1\uc758 \uc99d\uac00\uc640 \uad00\ub828 \uc0dd\ud65c \uc591\uc2dd\uc744 \ub4b7\ubc1b\uce68\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc804\uad6d \uac01\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uace0\uc18d\ub3c4\ub85c\ub97c \uac74\uc124\ud560 \uc5f0\ubc29 \uc7ac\uc815\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Richard Weingroff, \u201cFederal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, Creating the Interstate System,\u201d <em>Federal Highway Administration<\/em>, vol. 60, no.1 (Summer 1996), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/publications\/publicroads\/96summer\/p96su10.cfm\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uac00\uce58\uac00 \ub0ae\uc740 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc744 \uc870\uc0ac\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc774\ub7f0 \uae30\uad00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc740\ud589\uc758 \ud2b9\uc815 \uacbd\uacc4 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc9c0\ub3c4\ub97c \ub300\uac15 \ud6d1\uc5b4 \ubcf4\uace0\ub294 \uc644\ubcbd\ud55c \uc785\uce58\ub97c \ucc3e\uc558\ub2e4. \uc2b5\uad00\uc801\uc73c\ub85c, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc744 \uace8\ub790\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubc14\ub85c \uc774\uac83\uc774, \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc774 \ub69c\ub837\ud55c \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc744 \uac16\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub2e4. \uad8c\ub825, \uc9c8\uc11c, \ud6a8\uc728\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud558\uace0 \ud589\uc0ac\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uc2dc\uc758 \ub178\ub825\uacfc \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc774\ub7f0 \uc720\ud615\uc758 \ub3d9\ub124\ub4e4\uc740 \ucca0\uac70\ub418\uace0 \uace0\uc18d\ub3c4\ub85c, \uc870\ub9bd\uc2dd \uc8fc\ud0dd, \uacf5\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8\uc640 \ub274\uc695\uc2dc\ub294 \ubaa8\ub450 \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \ud751\uc778\uc758 \uacbd\uad00\uacfc \uacbd\ud5d8\uc744 \ud76c\uc0dd\uc2dc\ud0a8, \uacf5\uacf5 \uae30\ubc18\uc2dc\uc124\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5 \ucca0\uac70\uc758 \uac15\ub82c\ud55c \uc0ac\ub840\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8\uc758 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uc0ac\uc2e4 \uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5Black Bottom\uc774\ub77c \ubd88\ub838\uace0 1900\ub144\ub300 \ucd08\uc5d0 \uc0dd\uae34, \uc8fc\ubbfc \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc774 \ud751\uc778\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">June Manning Thomas, \u201cProgress amidst Decline,\u201d in <em>Redevelopment and Race: Planning a Finer City in Postwar&nbsp;Detroit<\/em> (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2013), 127\u2013203.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ub2e4\ub978 \uacf3\ub4e4\uacfc \uc720\uc0ac\ud558\uac8c \ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8\uc758 \uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uc778\uc885 \ucc28\ubcc4\uc801\uc778 \uc8fc\uac70 \uad00\ud589\uc5d0 \ubc18\uc751\ud574 \ud615\uc131\ub41c \uacf3\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Thomas, \u201cProgress amidst Decline.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uad74\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc131\uc7a5\ud574 \ud5e4\uc774\uc2a4\ud305\uc2a4 \uac70\ub9ac\uc640 \uc138\uc778\ud2b8 \uc559\ud22c\uc548 \uac70\ub9ac\ub97c \ub530\ub77c \ud0c4\ud0c4\ud55c \uc0c1\uac00\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \ubc88\ucc3d\ud558\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jeremy Williams, <em>Detroit:&nbsp;The Black Bottom Community<\/em> (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2009), 45\u2013125.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> 1942\ub144\uc5d0 \ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8\ub3c4\uc2dc\uc5f0\ub9f9Detroit Urban League\uc740 \uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc5d0 \uc758\uc0ac 151\uba85, \uc0ac\ud68c\ubcf5\uc9c0\uc0ac 140\uba85, \ubc95\uc870\uc778 85\uba85, \ubbf8\uc6a9\uc2e4 71\uacf3, \uc2dd\ub2f9 57\uacf3, \uce58\uacfc\uc758\uc0ac 36\uba85, \uc57d\uad6d 30\uacf3, \uc774\uc6a9\uc6d0 25\uacf3, \uc758\ub958 \uc81c\uc791\u00b7\ud310\ub9e4\uc810 25\uacf3, \ud638\ud154 20\uacf3, \uc5b4\ub958\u00b7\uac00\uae08\ub958 \uc2dc\uc7a5 15\uacf3, \ubcd1\uc6d0 10\uacf3, \uc804\uae30\uae30\uc220\uc790 10\uba85, \ubcf4\ud5d8\uc0ac 9\uacf3, \uac74\uc124\uc0ac 7\uacf1, \uaf43\uc9d1 5\uacf3, \ubcf4\uc99d\uc5c5\uc790 2\uba85, \uc720\uc81c\ud488 \uc720\ud1b5\uc810 2\uacf3 \ub4f1 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \uc5c5\uc8fc, \uc804\ubb38\uc9c1 \uc885\uc0ac\uc790\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf4\uace0\ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Richard Bak, <em>Detroit across Three Centuries<\/em> (Chelsea: Sleeping Bear Press, 2001), 130, 159.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \uc74c\uc545 \uc2e0\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\uad6d\uc5d0 \ub110\ub9ac \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uacf3\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud588\ub2e4. \ub4c0\ud06c \uc5d8\ub9c1\ud134Duke Ellington, \ud384 \ubca0\uc77c\ub9acPearl Bailey, \uc5d8\ub77c \ud53c\uce20\uc81c\ub7f4\ub4dcElla Fitzgerald, \uce74\uc6b4\ud2b8 \ubca0\uc774\uc2dcCount Basie \ub4f1\uc774 \uc815\uae30\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\ub098 \ud074\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c \uacf5\uc5f0\uc744 \ud588\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc740, \uc544\ub808\uc0ac \ud504\ub7ad\ud074\ub9b0Aretha Franklin\uc758 \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\ub294 \ud5e4\uc774\uc2a4\ud305\uc2a4 \uac70\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ub274\ubca0\ub378\uce68\ub840\uad50\ud68c\ub97c \uc138\uc6b4 \ub808\ubc84\ub7f0\ub4dc C. L. \ud504\ub7ad\ud074\ub9b0\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc5ec\ub7ec \uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \ub108\ubb34 \ub9ce\uc558\uace0 \uc8fc\uac70\uc758 \uc9c8\uc740 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4. \uc778\uc885 \ud3ed\ub3d9\uacfc \uacbd\ucc30\uacfc\uc758 \uaca9\ub3cc\uc774 \uc774 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774 \uc804\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud669\ud3d0\ud654\ub418\ub294 \uc6d0\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\uae30\ub3c4 \ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ken Coleman, \u201cBlack Bottom and Paradise Valley: Center of Black Life in Detroit,\u201d <em>Michigan Chronicle<\/em>, February 2, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/michronicleonline.com\/2017\/02\/02\/black-bottom-and-paradise-valley-center-of-black-life-in-detroit\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> 1950\ub144\ub300\uac00 \ub418\uc790 \ud569\uc911\uad6d \uac01\uc9c0\uc758 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ub3c4\uc2dc\uac00 \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc7ac\uc0dd \uae30\ud68d\uc73c\ub85c \ubbf8\uad6d &#8220;\ube48\ubbfc\uac00&#8221;\uc758 \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \uc0dd\ud65c \ud658\uacbd\uc744 \ubc00\uc5b4\ubc84\uae30\ub85c \ud588\ub2e4. 1951\ub144\uc5d0 \uc5d0\ub4dc\uc6cc\ub4dc \uc81c\ud504\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc740 \uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc744 \ubbfc\ube48\uac00 \uc815\ub9ac \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\uc815\ud558\uace0 \ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8 \ub3c4\uc2ec\uc744 \uc21c\ud658\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \uc124\uacc4\ub41c \uc8fc\uac04 \uace0\uc18d\ub3c4\ub85c I-375 \uac74\uc124 \uacc4\ud68d\uc744 \uc218\ub9bd\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ub3c4\uc2ec \ubc14\ub85c \uc606\uc5d0\uc11c \uae09\uc131\uc7a5 \uc911\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc774\uc5c8\ub294\ub370 \uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ube48\ubbfc\uac00\uc600\uaca0\ub294\uac00?<\/strong> \ub2f9\uc2dc \ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8 \uc778\uad6c\ub294 \uc815\uc810\uc5d0 \ub2ec\ud574 186\ub9cc \uba85\uc744 \uae30\ub85d\ud588\ub2e4. \ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8\ub294 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\ub4e4\uc744 \ub4b7\ubc1b\uce68\ud560 \ud48d\ubd80\ud55c \uc790\uc6d0\uc744 \uac16\ucd98 \uacbd\uc81c \uc131\uc7a5\uc758 \uc911\uc2ec\uc9c0\uc600\ub2e4. \uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc740 \ub3c5\ud2b9\ud55c \ub3c4\uc2dc \uacf5\uac04\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uac15\ud654\ub418\uace0 \ubcf4\uac15\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc 1954\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ucca0\uac70\ub418\uc5b4 \ubc84\ub838\ub2e4. 1967\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 78\uc5d0\uc774\ucee4\uac00 \ube44\uc6cc\uc84c\uace0 \uadf8 \uc790\ub9ac\uc5d0 I-375\uac00, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubbf8\uc2a4 \ubc18 \ub370\uc5b4 \ub85c\ud5e4\uac00 \uc124\uacc4\ud55c \uc8fc\ud0dd\uacfc \uace0\uce35 \uac74\ubb3c\uc774 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc124 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ubcf5\ud569\uc18c\ub4dd \uacc4\ud68d \uc9c0\uad6c \ub77c\ud30c\uc608\ud2b8 \ud30c\ud06c\uac00 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc130\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[26]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Corine Vermeulen, \u201cLiving with Mies: The Towers at Lafayette Park,\u201d <em>Places Journal<\/em>, April 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/placesjournal.org\/article\/living-with-mies-the-towers-at-lafayette-park\/\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"421\" src=\"https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-01.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1554\" srcset=\"https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-01.png 800w, https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-01-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-01-768x404.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc774\ub77c \ubd88\ub9ac\ub358 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc758 \uadf9\uc801\uc778 \ubcc0\ud654\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \uc870\uac10\ub3c4. 1949\ub144\uacfc \ud604\uc7ac. \uc800\uc790 \uc81c\uacf5 \uc0ac\uc9c4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc744 \ub77c\ud30c\uc608\ud2b8 \ud30c\ud06c\uac00 \ub300\uc2e0\ud558\uac8c \ub41c \uac83\uc740 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uacbd\uad00\uc758 \uc911\ub300\ud55c \ubcc0\ud654\uc600\ub2e4. \uc124\uacc4\ub300\ub85c \uad6c\ud604\ub41c \ub77c\ud30c\uc608\ud2b8 \uacf5\uc6d0\uc740 \uadf8\uacf3\uc5d0 \uc788\ub358 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\ub97c \ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8\ub85c\ubd80\ud130, \uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \uadf8 \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub5a0\ub098 \ubcf4\ub0b4\uace0 \uc9c8\uc11c, \ub3d9\uc9c8\uc131, \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \ub179\uc9c0\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud588\ub2e4. \uc2dc\ub04c\ubc85\uc801\ud588\ub358 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uae38\uac70\ub9ac\uc640 \uc5ce\uce58\ub77d \ub4a4\uce58\ub77d \ud558\ub358 \uc5c5\uc7a5\ub4e4\uc758 \uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \ud638\ud654\ub85c\uc6b4 \uad50\uc678\ud48d \ubca0\ub4dc\ud0c0\uc6b4\uc774 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud588\ub2e4. \uace0\uc18d\ub3c4\ub85c\ub294 \uc774 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc744 \ub514\ud2b8\ub85c\uc774\ud2b8 \ub3c4\uc2ec\uacfc \uac08\ub77c \ub193\uc558\uace0 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc911\uc2ec\ubd80\uc640\uc758 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801, \uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \uc7a5\ubcbd\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uac00\uc7a5 \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc9c0\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uc774 \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub358 \uac70\ub9ac\uac00 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\ub3c4 \ubaa8\uc784\ub3c4 \uc18c\uac70\ub41c \uc804\uc6d0\ud48d \ubcf4\ub3c4\ub85c \ubc14\ub00c\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc774\ub2e4. \ube7d\ube7d\ud55c \uc800\uce35 \uc8fc\ud0dd\uc758 \ud604\uad00 \ubb38\ud654\uc640 \uc77c\ucc0d\uc774 \ud615\uc131\ub41c &#8220;\uac70\ub9ac\ub97c \uc9c0\ucf1c\ubcf4\ub294 \ub208\ub4e4&#8221;\uc740 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c0\uace0 \uba40\ucc0d\ud55c \uc2a4\uce74\uc774\ub77c\uc778\uc5d0\uc11c \ub0b4\ub824\ub2e4\ubcf4\ub294 \uc2dc\uc120\ub9cc \ub0a8\uc558\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[27]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Michele Norris, \u201cSitting on the Porch: Not a Place but a State of Being,\u201d <em>National Public Radio<\/em>, July 28, 2006, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=5589974\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ud751\uc778\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\ub294 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub098 \ube44\uc720\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub098 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc18c\uac70\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc0c1, \ub367\uc50c\uc6cc\uc9c4 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uacbd\uad00\uc740 \uadf8 \uc804\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \ud751\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc744 \uc5c6\uc560\uace0 \ud751\uc778\uc758 \uacbd\ud5d8, \uc815\uccb4\uc131, \uc778\ub0b4\ub97c \ub36e\uc5b4\ubc84\ub838\ub2e4. \ud310\uc790 \uac19\uc774 \uc0dd\uae34 \uac74\ubb3c\ub4e4\uacfc \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub538\ub9b0 \ub179\uc9c0\ub294 \uc0c8 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc744 \uc790\uc784\ud588\ub2e4. \uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc758 \ud754\uc801\uc740 \ubaa8\uc870\ub9ac \uc5c6\uc560\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\uc600\ub2e4. \uc8fc\ubcc0\ud654\ub418\ub294 \uc9d1\ub2e8\ub4e4\uacfc \uc5f0\uad00\ub418\uba74 \uc7a5\uc18c\ub294 \uc804\ud600 \uc7a5\uc18c\ub85c \uc5ec\uaca8\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uadf8\uc800 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc6a9\ub3c4\ub85c \uc4f8 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc5f4\ub9b0 \uacf5\uac04\uc73c\ub85c \uc5ec\uaca8\uc9c0\ub294 \ub4ef\ud558\ub2e4. \uc8fc\ubcc0\ud654\ub41c \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uad8c\ub825\uc744 \uc810\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0\uc11c\ub294 \uc9c4\uc815\uc73c\ub85c \uacf5\uac04\uc744 \uc810\ud560 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc5c6\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ub274\uc695\uc2dc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4\ub294 20\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uad6d\ud55c\ub41c \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0Seneca Village\ub294 1825\ub144\uc5d0 \ub9e8\ud558\ud0c4\uc5d0 \ud615\uc131\ub41c \uc790\uc720 \ud751\uc778 \uc9c0\uc8fc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc791\uc740 \uc815\ucc29\uc9c0\uc600\ub2e4. 5\uc5d0\uc774\ucee4 \uac00\ub7c9 \ub418\ub294 \uc774 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc740 \uc624\ub298\ub0a0 7\ubc88\uac00, 8\ubc88\uac00\uc758 82\ubc88\uae38\uacfc 87\ubc88\uae38 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc5b4\ud37c\uc6e8\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc0ac\uc774\ub4dc\uc5d0 \uc704\uce58\ud574 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[28]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Barbara Speed, \u201cNew York Destroyed a Village Full of African-American Landowners to Create Central Park,\u201d <em>City Metric<\/em>, March 30, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.citymetric.com\/skylines\/new-york-destroyed-village-full-african-american-landowners-create-central-park-893\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0 \u2015 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5 \u2015 \uc740 \ub3d9\ub124\uc5d0 \uc788\uc744 \ub9cc\ud55c \uac83\ub4e4, \uadf8\ub7ec\ub2c8\uae4c \uc9d1, \uac00\uac8c, \uac00\uc871, \ud559\uad50, \uad50\ud68c \ub4f1\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \ub3d9\ub124\uc600\ub2e4. \ubc31\uc778\uc758 \ub3d9\uc0b0\ub178\uc608\uc81c\uac00 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ud569\uc911\uad6d \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \ub3d9\ub825\uc774\uc5c8\ub358 \ub2f9\uc2dc, \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0\ub294 \ud574\ubc29\ub41c \ud751\uc778\uc774\ub098 \uc544\uc77c\ub79c\ub4dc\uc778, \ub3c5\uc77c\uc778 \uac19\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc18c\uc678\ub41c \ubbfc\uc871\ub4e4\uc774 \ub545\uc744 \uc18c\uc720\ud558\uace0 \ub274\uc695\uc2dc \ub2e4\ub978 \uacf3\uc5d0\uc11c \uacaa\ub294 \uc5b5\uc555\uc5d0 \uc800\ud56d\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \uc790\uc720 \ub9c8\uc744\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Speed, \u201cNew York Destroyed a Village Full of African-American Landowners to Create Central Park.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uc804\uc131\uae30 \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0\ub294 350\uba85\uc774 \uc0ac\ub294, \ubc88\ucc3d\ud558\ub294 \uc791\uc740 \ub18d\ucd0c\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Speed, \u201cNew York Destroyed a Village Full of African-American Landowners to Create Central Park.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"465\" src=\"https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-02-1024x465.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1555\" srcset=\"https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-02-1024x465.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-02-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-02-768x349.jpg 768w, https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-02-1536x698.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-02.jpg 1650w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \ub274\uc695\uc2dc\uc758 \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc5d0 1857\ub144 \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0\ub97c \uacb9\uce5c \uac83. \uc800\uc790 \uc81c\uacf5 \uc0ac\uc9c4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>19\uc138\uae30 \uc911\ubc18\uc5d0 \uc0ac\ud68c\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc744 \ube44\ub86f\ud574 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc120\ub3c4\uc801 \uc0ac\uc0c1\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\uc640 \uc778\uad6c \uacfc\ubc00\uc5d0\uc11c \ube44\ub86f\ub41c \uc870\uc545\ud55c \ub3c4\uc2dc \uacbd\uad00\uc5d0 \ub9de\uc11c \uc0c8\ub86d\uace0 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uce5c\ud658\uacbd\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\uc2dd\ub4e4\uc744 \ub3c5\ub824\ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[31]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nathaniel Rich, \u201cWhen Parks Were Radical,\u201d the <em>Atlantic<\/em>, September 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2016\/09\/better-than-nature\/492716\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uacf5\uc601 \uacf5\uc6d0\uc758 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uacfc \uc815\uc6d0 \ub3c4\uc2dcgarden city \uac1c\ub150\uc774 \uc5f4\uc545\ud55c \ub3c4\uc2dc \ubcf4\uac74\uc744 \uac1c\uc120\ud558\ub824\ub294 \ub17c\uc758\uc758 \uc911\uc2ec\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[32]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rich, \u201cWhen Parks Were Radical.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uc124\uacc4\ub41c \uacf5\uacf5 \uacf5\uac04\ub4e4\uc740 \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \uacc4\uae09\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc218\ud3c9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc7a5\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc790\uc720social freedom\ub97c \uc774\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc5ec\uacbc\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[33]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rich, \u201cWhen Parks Were Radical.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \ub274\uc695\uc2dc\uac00 \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \ub179\uc9c0 \uacf5\uac04\uc5d0 \uc774\ub7f0 \uc0c1\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uba74\uc11c, \uc2dc \uc758\ud68c\ub294 \uc13c\ud2b8\ub7f4 \ud30c\ud06c \uc548\uc5d0 \uc801\ud569\ud55c \uc704\uce58\ub97c \ubb3c\uc0c9\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud3ec\ud568\uc2dc\ud0a4\uae30\ub85c \ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc13c\ud2b8\ub7f4 \ud30c\ud06c \uac74\ub9bd \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774 \uc9c4\ucc99\ub418\uba74\uc11c \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \uc5b8\ub860\uc740 \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0\ub97c &#8220;\ud310\uc790\ucd0c&#8221;\uc73c\ub85c, \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc744 &#8220;\uc810\uac70\uc790, \ubd80\ub791\uc790, \ubd88\ub7c9\ubc30&#8221;\ub85c \ud638\ub3c4\ud588\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[34]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Douglas Martin, \u201cA Village Dies, a Park Is Born,\u201d the <em>New York Times<\/em>, January 31, 1997, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1997\/01\/31\/arts\/a-village-dies-a-park-is-born.html\">link<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \ub450 \ud574 \ub3d9\uc548 \uacbd\ucc30\uc5d0 \uc800\ud56d\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ubc95\uc6d0\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uacfc \uad50\ud68c\uc640 \ud559\uad50\ub97c \uc9c0\ucf1c \ub2ec\ub77c\uace0 \ud0c4\uc6d0\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub300\uccb4\ub85c \uc131\uacf5\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \ud751\uc778\uc740 \ubc95\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc815\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1553_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[35]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Martin, \u201cA Village Dies, a Park Is Born.\u201d<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1553_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \uacb0\uad6d, 1857\ub144, \ub274\uc695\uc2dc \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc218\uc6a9\uad8c\uc744 \ubc1c\ub3d9\ud574 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc8fc\ubbfc\uc744 \uc804\ubd80 \ucad3\uc544\ub0b4\uace0 \uc0ac\uc720\uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \ubab0\uc218\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ud574\uc5d0 \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0\ub294 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ucca0\uac70\ub418\uc5c8\uace0 \uac70\uc758 \uac77\ubc14\ub85c \uc13c\ud2b8\ub7f4 \ud30c\ud06c \uc124\uacc4\uc640 \uac74\uc124\uc774 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc13c\ud2b8\ub7f4 \ud30c\ud06c\ub294 \uc124\uacc4\ub294 \ud504\ub808\ub370\ub9ad \ub85c \uc634\uc2a4\ud14c\ub4dc\uc640 \uce98\ubc84\ud2b8 \ubcf5\uc2a4\uac00 \ub9e1\uc558\ub2e4. \ud569\uc911\uad6d \uac01\uc9c0\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ub300\ud615 \uacf5\uacf5 \uacf5\uac04 \uac74\ub9bd\ub3c4 \ub3c4\ub9e1\uac8c \ub41c \uc720\uba85\uc778\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uc644\uacf5\ub41c \uc13c\ud2b8\ub7f4 \ud30c\ud06c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc9c0\ud615\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud588\uace0 \uc804\uc6d0\uc801 \uacbd\uad00\uc5d0\uc11c \uc790\uc5f0\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uacbd\uad00\uc73c\ub85c \ub9e4\ub048\ud558\uac8c \uc774\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4. \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \uacf3\uc5d0\ub294 \uc774\uc81c, \uc545\uba85 \ub192\uc740 \uadf8\ub808\uc774\ud2b8 \ub860Great Lawn\uc774\ub77c\ub294 106\uc5d0\uc774\ucee4\uc9dc\ub9ac \uc800\uc218\uc9c0\uc640 \uc791\uc740 \ub180\uc774\ud130\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc791\uc740 \ub179\uc0c9 \ud33b\ub9d0 \ud558\ub098\ub9cc\uc774 \uc138\ub2c8\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0\ub97c \uae30\ub9ac\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"758\" src=\"https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-03-1024x758.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1556\" srcset=\"https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-03-1024x758.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-03-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-03-768x568.jpg 768w, https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/02\/davis-03.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\uc13c\ud2b8\ub7f4 \ud30c\ud06c\uc5d0 \uc11c \uc788\ub294 \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uae30\ub150 \ud33b\ub9d0. \ucf00\uc774 \ube14\ub808\uc774\ud0b9\uc5b4 \ucd2c\uc601. \ud310\uad8c \ub274\uc695\ub370\uc77c\ub9ac\ub274\uc2a4 \uc18c\uc720.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc138\ub124\ubc14 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0\uac00 \uc13c\ud2b8\ub7f4 \ud30c\ud06c\uc5d0 \ubc00\ub824\ub09c \uac83\uc740 \uc804\uad6d \uac01\uc9c0\uc5d0\uc11c \uacc4\uc18d \uc6c0 \ud2b8\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \ub3c4\uc2dc \ud751\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed\ub4e4\uc774 \uc804\uccb4 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc870\uc9c1\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ud1b5\ud569\ub420 \uac83\uc778\uac00\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4 \uc120\ub840\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4 \u2015 \ud1b5\ud569\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\ub9ac\ub77c\ub294 \uc120\ub840\uac00. \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \ud751\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed \ucca0\uac70\uc758 \ube4c\ubbf8\uac00 \ub41c \uc218\uc0ac\ub294 \uc9c0\uae08\uae4c\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ud33d\ubc30\ud558\uba70, \ud751\uc778\uc774 \uae38\ub7ec \ub0b8 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uad6c\uc5ed\uc774 \uc628\uc804\ud55c \uacb0\uc2e4\uc744 \uc774\ub8e8\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uac8c \ub9c9\ub294 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801 \ubc18\ud751\uc778 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ud37c\uc838 \ub098\uc624\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc13c\ud2b8\ub7f4 \ud30c\ud06c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud751\uc778\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\uac00 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub098 \ube44\uc720\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub098 \uc18c\uac70\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ucee4\ub2e4\ub780 \uacf5\uc6d0\uc740 \uc131\uc7a5 \uc911\uc774\ub358 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc77c\uac01\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc744 \ud30c\ubb3b\uc5b4 \ubc84\ub9ac\uace0\ub294 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uc990\uae38 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \ud3b8\uc758\uc2dc\uc124\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud588\ub2e4. \ud798 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc744 \uadf8 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uac15\uc81c\ub85c \ucad3\uc544\ub0b8 \uc2dc\uc640 \uacbd\ucc30\uc758 \uad8c\ub825\uc5d0 \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \ub9de\uc124 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubd80\ub3d9\uc0b0 \uc18c\uc720\uad8c\uc774\ub098 \ucc38\uc815\uad8c\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub358 \ud751\uc778 \uc778\uad6c\ub294 \ubc95\uc774 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \ubcf4\ud638\uc870\uce58\ub4e4\uc744 \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \uc774\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uac80\uc740 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uacfc \uc138\ub124\uce74 \ube4c\ub9ac\uc9c0\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub294 \uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \ub3c4\uc2dc\uacc4\ud68d\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uae30\uc6b8\uc5ec\uc57c \ud560 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uba54\uc2dc\uc9c0\ub97c \uc804\ud55c\ub2e4. \ubc18\ud751\uc778 \uc815\uc11c\uac00 \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub3c4\uc2dc \uacc4\ud68d \uc815\ucc45\uacfc \uc0ac\uc0c1\uc744 \uc624\uc5fc\uc2dc\ud0a4\uae30\uc5d0 \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \ud751\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed\ub294 \ud2b9\ud788\ub098 \ud30c\uad34\ub418\uae30 \uc27d\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810 \ub9d0\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7f0 \ubb38\ud654\ub294 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \ud751\uc778\uc774 \uc138\uc6b4 \uc7a5\uc18c\uc5d0\uc11c \ud751\uc778\uc744 \ucad3\uc544\ub0b4\ub3c4\ub85d \uc870\uc7a5\ud55c \u2015 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uacc4\ud68d\ud55c \u2015 \uae34 \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uacc4\uc18d\ud574\uc11c \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801, \uacbd\uc81c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc8fc\ubcc0\ud654\ub418\ub294 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc778 \ud751\uc778\uacfc \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc810\ud558\ub294 \uacf5\uac04\ub4e4\uc740 \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c\ub370\ub2e4 \uc885\uc885 \ube7c\uc557\uae30 \ub531 \uc88b\uac8c \uc5ec\uaca8\uc9c0\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc624\ub298\ub0a0\uc758 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc774\ub77c \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uad6c\uc5ed\ub4e4 \u2015 \uc789\uae00\uc6b0\ub4dcInglewood, \ud560\ub818Harlem, \uc6e8\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ud544\ub77c\ub378\ud53c\uc544West Philadelphia \u2015 \uc758 \uc820\ud504\ub9ac\ud53c\ucf00\uc774\uc158\uc5d0 \ub9de\uc11c, \uc774 \ub098\ub77c\uac00 \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \ud751\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc744 \ud30c\uad34\ud574 \uc628 \uc624\ub79c \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub97c \uc9da\uc5b4 \ubcf4\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ubc31\uc778\uc784\/\ud751\uc778\uc784\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc774\ubd84\ubc95\uc774 \ub2f4\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ud68c\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\uc740 \ubcf4\uc874\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc7ac\uc815\ub9bd\ud560 \ub9cc\ud55c \uc7a5\uc18c\uc640 \uacf5\uac04\uc744 \ubd84\ubcc4\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc788\uc5b4 \uc911\ub300\ud55c \uacfc\uc81c\ub97c \uc81c\uc2dc\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f4 \uac00\uce58\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uc7a5\uc18c\uac00 \uacb0\uc815\ub420 \ub54c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc9c0\ub09c \uc218 \uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548 \uadf8\ub798 \uc654\ub4ef \ud751\uc778\uc758 \uc0b6\uc774 \ub2f4\uae34 \uacbd\uad00\uc774 \u2015 \uace0\uc18d\ub3c4\ub85c, \ube44\uc2fc \uc544\ud30c\ud2b8, \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \ub179\uc9c0\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \u2015 \uacc4\uce35\ud654\uc640 \ubd84\ub9ac\ub97c \uc9c0\uc18d\ud558\ub294 \uc694\uc18c\ub4e4\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ub41c\ub2e4. \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uad8c\ub825\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \ud0d3\uc774\ub2e4. \uacbd\uc81c \uac1c\ubc1c\uc640 \uc784\ud30c\uc6cc\ub9c1\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc774\ud574\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654, \ud22c\uc790\uac00 \uc804\uad6d \uac01\uc9c0 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\ub4e4\uc758 \uc6b4\uba85\uc744 \ubc14\uafc0 \uc218 \uc788\uc73c\ub9ac\ub77c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc5ec\ub7ec \ub3c4\uc2dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc820\ud2b8\ub9ac\ud53c\ucf00\uc774\uc158\uacfc \uc7ac\uac1c\ubc1c\uc774 \uc9c4\ud589\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc9c0\uae08, \uc9c0\uc5ed \uacc4\ud68d \uae30\uad00\uacfc \uac1c\ubc1c \ub2f9\uad6d\uc740 \ubc18\ub4dc\uc2dc \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc744 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc0b4\ud3b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc8fc\ubcc0\ud654\ub41c \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc744 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc0ac\ub294 \uacf3\uc744 \ub4a4\uc5ce\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc8fc\uccb4\ub85c \ub04c\uc5b4\uc62c\ub9ac\ub294 \ud3ec\uad04\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \ucde8\ud574\uc57c \ud568\uc740 \ubb3c\ub860\uc774\ub2e4. \ud604\uc9c0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c1\uc811 \uc790\uc6d0\uc744 \uc4f8 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ud558\uace0 \uae30\uc874 \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\ub04c \uc218 \uc788\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\ub294 \ubaa8\ub378\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \ud574\ub2f9 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc774 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc5b8\uc5b4, \ubd84\ub9ac\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub97c \uc4f0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \ud751\uc778\uc758 \uc0b6\uc774 \ub2f4\uaca8 \uc788\ub294 \uae30\uc874\uc758 \uacbd\uad00\uc744 \uacc4\uc2b9\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ubcc0\ud654\ud558\uac8c \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud798\uc740 \uc7a5\uc18c\ub97c \uc911\uc2dc\ud558\uba70, \ud751\uc778\uc744 \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \uad6c\uc5ed\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uac15\uc81c\ub85c \ucad3\uc544\ub0b8 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc5d0 \uc800\ud56d\ud560 \uc7a0\uc7ac\ub825\uc744 \uac16\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774 \uac19\uc740 \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \ud751\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed\ub4e4 \u2015 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\ub4e4 \u2015 \uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub3c4 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc0ac\ub294 \uacf3neighborhoods\uc774\uba70 \uadf8\uacf3\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c \uc0ac\ub294 \ub370 \uc788\uc744 \ubc95\ud55c \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \ub180\ub77c\uc6b4 \uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1553_1();\">\uc8fc<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1553_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1553_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1553_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">\uc8fc<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Toni Morrison,&nbsp;<em>Sula<\/em> (New York: New American Library, 1973), 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tony Gonzalez. \u201cCurious Nashville: How The \u2018Black Bottom\u2019 Neighborhood Got Its Name\u2014And Lost It,\u201d <em>Nashville Public Radio<\/em>, June 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nashvillepublicradio.org\/post\/curious-nashville-how-black-bottom-neighborhood-got-its-name-and-lost-it#stream\/0\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ron Grossman, \u201cCommentary:\u00a0The Great Migration: For Southern blacks, Chicago Offered Jobs\u2014But Not the Warmest Welcome from Whites,\u201d <em>Chicago Tribune<\/em>, April 12, 2018, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/news\/opinion\/commentary\/ct-perspec-flash-great-migration-south-african-americans-0415-20180410-story.html\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">J. R. Moehringer, \u201cAn Obsessive Quest to Make People See,\u201d <em>Los Angeles Times<\/em>, August 27, 2000, <a href=\"http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/2000\/aug\/27\/news\/mn-11152\/2\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Moehringer, \u201cAn Obsessive Quest to Make People See.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Moehringer, \u201cAn Obsessive Quest to Make People See.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jared McWilliams, \u201cLynching, Whites, and Negroes,\u201d Tuskegee Institute, April 24, 2018, <a href=\"http:\/\/archive.tuskegee.edu\/archive\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/511\/Lyching%201882%201968.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tracy Jan, \u201cRedlining Was Banned 50 Years Ago. It\u2019s Still Hurting Minorities Today,\u201d <em>Washington Post<\/em>, March 28, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2018\/03\/28\/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today\/?noredirect=on&amp;utm_term=.672ba69d9248\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jan, \u201cRedlining Was Banned 50 Years Ago. It\u2019s Still Hurting Minorities Today.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jan, \u201cRedlining Was Banned 50 Years Ago. It\u2019s Still Hurting Minorities Today.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Linda Gordon, <em>The Second Coming of the KKK: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition<\/em> (New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2017), 11\u201324.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gordon, <em>The Second Coming of the KKK<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bill McGraw, \u201cBringing Detroit\u2019s Black Bottom back to (Virtual) Life,\u201d <em>Detroit Free Press<\/em>, February 27, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.freep.com\/story\/news\/local\/michigan\/detroit\/2017\/02\/27\/detroit-black-bottom-neighborhood\/98354122\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">McGraw, \u201cBringing Detroit\u2019s Black Bottom back to (Virtual) Life.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Genevi\u00e8ve Fabre and Michel Feith, <em>Temples for Tomorrow: Looking Back at the Harlem Renaissance<\/em> (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fabre and Feith, <em>Temples for Tomorrow<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Quinton Johnstone, \u201cThe Federal Renewal Program,\u201d Faculty Scholarship Series, Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository, 1958, <a href=\"http:\/\/digitalcommons.law.yale.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2924&amp;context=fss_papers\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Robert Moses, \u201cRobert Moses on Slum Clearance\u201d (speech, April 17, 1958), New York Public Radio Archive Collections, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wnyc.org\/story\/robert-moses-on-slum-clearance\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">US Department of Housing and Urban Development, \u201cSection 312, Processing,\u201d January 30, 1973, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hud.gov\/sites\/documents\/42251HSGH.PDF\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Richard Weingroff, \u201cFederal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, Creating the Interstate System,\u201d <em>Federal Highway Administration<\/em>, vol. 60, no.1 (Summer 1996), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/publications\/publicroads\/96summer\/p96su10.cfm\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">June Manning Thomas, \u201cProgress amidst Decline,\u201d in <em>Redevelopment and Race: Planning a Finer City in Postwar&nbsp;Detroit<\/em> (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2013), 127\u2013203.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Thomas, \u201cProgress amidst Decline.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jeremy Williams, <em>Detroit:&nbsp;The Black Bottom Community<\/em> (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2009), 45\u2013125.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Richard Bak, <em>Detroit across Three Centuries<\/em> (Chelsea: Sleeping Bear Press, 2001), 130, 159.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ken Coleman, \u201cBlack Bottom and Paradise Valley: Center of Black Life in Detroit,\u201d <em>Michigan Chronicle<\/em>, February 2, 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/michronicleonline.com\/2017\/02\/02\/black-bottom-and-paradise-valley-center-of-black-life-in-detroit\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Corine Vermeulen, \u201cLiving with Mies: The Towers at Lafayette Park,\u201d <em>Places Journal<\/em>, April 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/placesjournal.org\/article\/living-with-mies-the-towers-at-lafayette-park\/\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Michele Norris, \u201cSitting on the Porch: Not a Place but a State of Being,\u201d <em>National Public Radio<\/em>, July 28, 2006, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=5589974\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Barbara Speed, \u201cNew York Destroyed a Village Full of African-American Landowners to Create Central Park,\u201d <em>City Metric<\/em>, March 30, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.citymetric.com\/skylines\/new-york-destroyed-village-full-african-american-landowners-create-central-park-893\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Speed, \u201cNew York Destroyed a Village Full of African-American Landowners to Create Central Park.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Speed, \u201cNew York Destroyed a Village Full of African-American Landowners to Create Central Park.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nathaniel Rich, \u201cWhen Parks Were Radical,\u201d the <em>Atlantic<\/em>, September 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2016\/09\/better-than-nature\/492716\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rich, \u201cWhen Parks Were Radical.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rich, \u201cWhen Parks Were Radical.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Douglas Martin, \u201cA Village Dies, a Park Is Born,\u201d the <em>New York Times<\/em>, January 31, 1997, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1997\/01\/31\/arts\/a-village-dies-a-park-is-born.html\">link<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1553_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1553_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1553_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Martin, \u201cA Village Dies, a Park Is Born.\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1553_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1553_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1553_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1553_1() { 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0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uc6d0\ubb38: Ujijji Davis, \u201cThe Bottom: The Emergence and Erasure of Black American Urban Landscapes,\u201d Avery Review 34 (October 2018). \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uac00\uc9c0\uba70 \ube14\ub799\ubca0\ub9ac\uba70\ub97c \uae30\ub974\ub358 \ud143\ubc2d\uc744 \uc81c \ubfcc\ub9ac\uc5d0\uc11c \uc798\ub77c\ub0b4 \uba54\ub2ec\ub9ac\uc628 \uc2dc\ud2f0 \uace8\ud504\uc7a5 \ubd80\uc9c0\ub85c \ub0b4\uc5b4\uc900 \uadf8\uacf3\uc5d0, \ud55c\ub54c\ub294 \ub3d9\ub124\uac00 \ud558\ub098 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uba54\ub2ec\ub9ac\uc628\uc758 \uac15\ubcc0 \ub454\ub355 \uc704\ucabd\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \uac15\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uacf3\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc9c0\uae08\uc740 \uad50\uc678 \uc8fc\ud0dd\uac00\ub77c \ubd88\ub9ac\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud751\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uc0b4\uc558\ub358 \ub54c\uc5d0\ub294 \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5\uc774\ub77c \ubd88\ub838\ub2e4.\u2015 \ud1a0\ub2c8 \ubaa8\ub9ac\uc2a8, &#8230; <span class=\"more\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/1553\/\">[\uc77d\uae30]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"entry","1":"post","2":"publish","3":"author-admin","4":"post-1553","6":"format-standard","7":"category-trans"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>[\ubc88\uc5ed] \ubc11\ubc14\ub2e5 \u2015 \ubbf8\uad6d \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub0b4 \ud751\uc778 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0dd\uacfc \ub9d0\uc0b4 (\uc6b0\uc9c0\uc9c0 \ub370\uc774\ube44\uc2a4, 2018) - memoranda<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/slowlyaspossible.net\/memoranda\/1553\/\" \/>\n<meta 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